The Initial Influx of Sodium Ions When an Action Potential

question 135

Multiple Choice

The initial influx of sodium ions when an action potential begins causes which of the following to follow?

• A) a chain reaction in which more and more sodium channels open
• B) a chain reaction in which potassium channels open
• C) sodium channels rapidly close
• D) potassium channels rapidly close
• E) the cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged

Calculate and interpret degrees of freedom in various statistical tests.

Understand and calculate effect sizes to measure the magnitude of differences between groups.

Identify the appropriate statistical test for different research designs and data types.

Interpret the results of t-tests, including understanding the meaning of p-values.

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Definitions:

Endorphin

biochemicals produced in the brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators, often released during exercise, excitement, and pain.

Fast Pain Pathway

A neural pathway that carries pain signals from nociceptors to the brain quickly, typically resulting in sharp, acute pain sensations.

Myelinated Neurons

Neurons that are covered with a fatty sheath called myelin, which speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A part of the brain located in the frontal lobe, involved in functions such as emotion regulation, decision-making, and reward anticipation.