The Crowding-Out Effect Can Be

question 50

Multiple Choice

The crowding-out effect can be:

• A)zero.
• B)partial.
• C)complete.
• D)any of these.

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Definitions:

Double-Blind Procedure

A research or testing method in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment, to prevent bias.

Experimenter's Bias

A distortion in research outcomes due to the researcher's expectations influencing the study.

Social Desirability

The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others, often leading to over-reporting of 'positive' behaviors or under-reporting of 'negative' behaviors.

Independent Variable

In experimental and statistical research, the variable that is manipulated or changed to observe its effect on a dependent variable.