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The thing that socialists throughout Europe shared by the end of the 19th century was
Chi-square Test
A statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant association between two categorical variables.
Expected
A term often used in statistics and probability, referring to the predicted outcome or value in an experiment or random event.
Observed
Observed, in statistics, refers to the actual data or values collected from experiments or studies, as opposed to expected or theoretical values.
Chi-square Value
A statistic used to measure the differences between observed and expected frequencies in categorical datasets, testing for independence or goodness of fit.
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