At the US Air Force Academy Preparatory School, 100 Student Pilots Were

question 552

Multiple Choice

At the U.S. Air Force Academy Preparatory School, 100 student pilots were randomly assigned to five different math classes with their teachers not knowing about this random placement. Instead, each teacher was told that his or her students had unusually high or low ability. Students in the classes labeled high ability improved much more in math scores than those in low-ability classes, although, initially, all the classes had students of equal ability. Although the teachers were not conscious of it, they apparently communicated their expectations subtly to students by their tone of voice, body language, and encouragement or criticism. These hints created what is known as a(n)

• A)anthropomorphic error.
• B)placebo effect.
• C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
• D)observer effect.

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Definitions:

Discretionary

Pertaining to funds or spending that is subject to decision or choice by a party or authority.

Balanced Budget Amendment

A proposed federal constitutional rule requiring that the government not spend more than its income in a fiscal year.

Crowding-out Effect

A situation where increased government spending leads to reduced investment in the private sector.

Government Borrowing

The process by which governments finance their expenditures by issuing debt instruments, such as bonds, to the public or borrowing from financial institutions.