The Costs of Environmental Clean-Ups Absorbed by Downstream Individuals, Companies

question 8

Multiple Choice

The costs of environmental clean-ups absorbed by downstream individuals, companies, or municipalities are referred to as:

• A)Surrogates
• B)Externalities
• C)Future impacts
• D)Collateral damages
• E)Ethical costs

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Definitions:

Relational Aggression Theory

A theoretical framework that explains aggressive behavior through the manipulation of social relationships, including actions like exclusion, gossip, or the withdrawal of friendship.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration and, conversely, that frustration leads to some form of aggression.

Freud

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Behaviorist Theories

A group of psychological theories suggesting that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, emphasizing the role of the external environment.