Iran's Semipublic Institutions

question 13

Multiple Choice

Iran's semipublic institutions

• A) existed under the Shah and were retained by the Islamic Republic.
• B) are important autonomous political actors in the Islamic Republic.
• C) are important economic actors due to their extensive economic holdings and their exemption from state taxes.
• D) together have an income that surpasses that of the government.
• E) have become weaker as a result of the state's move to privatize state enterprises.

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Definitions:

Absenteeism

The habitual non-presence of an employee at their job, which can include both justified absences, such as illness, and unjustified absences.

Glass Ceiling

The glass ceiling is a metaphorical barrier that prevents minorities and women from rising to upper levels of management or leadership in a corporation, despite their qualifications or achievements.

Glass Cliff

A phenomenon where women or minority group members are more likely to be put in leadership roles during times of crisis or risk, potentially setting them up for failure.

Ethnocentrism

The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.