Policy Coordination, Coherence, and Effectiveness Are Often Problems Associated with the Policy

question 61

Essay

Policy coordination, coherence, and effectiveness are often problems associated with the policy process in Japan. First, explain the causes of these problems. Next, assess which of these you feel is the most important explanatory factor and why. Finally, assess to what extent these problems are systemic.

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Definitions:

Direct Observation

A research method where phenomena are studied in their natural setting without manipulation.

Evolutionary Psychology

An approach in psychology that examines cognitive traits and behavior through the lens of evolutionary biology, proposing that many aspects of human psychology are the result of adaptive evolution.

Cognitive Psychology

A branch of psychology that explores internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, learning, and language.

Behaviorism

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior, emphasizing the effects of environment on behavior.