The Most Persistent Opponents of Early Ottoman Reforms Were the

question 43

Multiple Choice

The most persistent opponents of early Ottoman reforms were the

• A) hereditary elites.
• B) Janissaries.
• C) religious leaders.
• D) peasants and agriculturalists.
• E) Jesuits.

---

Definitions:

Expectancy Disconfirmation Model

A consumer satisfaction framework that compares actual product or service performance against pre-consumption expectations.

Expectancy Confirmation Model

A psychological theory suggesting that people tend to seek, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs and expectations.

Identity Negotiation

A social psychological process where individuals engage in establishing, maintaining, or revising their personal identity or social position within different contexts.

Middle-aged Man

An adult male who is in the middle stage of life, typically considered between the ages of approximately 45 and 65.