Discuss the Protagonists of the Portuguese Explorations, Including the Factors

question 92

Essay

Discuss the protagonists of the Portuguese explorations, including the factors that led them to undertake their journeys and to ultimately take over the spice trade.

Understand the use of PCR in genetic studies and its limitations.

Describe the structure and function of telomeres and telomerase in eukaryotic cells.

Understand Chargaff's rules and their significance in DNA structure.

Understand the basics of conservative, semiconservative, and dispersive models of DNA replication and the experimental designs used to differentiate among them.

---

Definitions:

Diseconomies of Scale

The situation in which a business grows to a point where the costs per unit increase, opposed to saving costs, often due to managerial inefficiencies or complexity.

Constant Returns to Scale

A situation in which increasing the amount of all inputs used in production by a certain factor results in output increasing by the same factor.

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their size, output, or scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale.

Diseconomies of Scale

A condition when a company or business grows so large that the costs per unit increase, leading to reduced efficiency.