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Explain the formation of a proton gradient.
Test Statistic
A value calculated from sample data that is used in hypothesis testing to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.
P-values
Measures that help determine the significance of results obtained in statistical hypothesis testing, indicating the probability of observing results if the null hypothesis were true.
Levels Of Significance
A threshold in hypothesis testing that determines the probability at which the null hypothesis is rejected, often denoted by alpha.
P-value
The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
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