Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) Showed Different Groups of People

question 127

Multiple Choice

Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah performing ambiguously on an oral exam. This finding is best explained by the concept of ____.

• A) stigma by association
• B) the confirmation bias
• C) the fundamental attribution error
• D) scapegoat theory

---

Definitions:

Pavan v. Smith

A significant U.S. Supreme Court case in 2017 that ruled same-sex couples must be treated equally with respect to the listing of parentage on birth certificates.

Supremacy Clause

A clause in the U.S. Constitution declaring that federal laws are the supreme law of the land and take precedence over state laws.

State Actions

Activities or measures taken by state governments in the conduct of their duties and responsibilities.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to assess the constitutionality of laws and government actions.