"Of All Discoveries and Opinions, None May Have Exerted a Greater

question 34

Multiple Choice

"Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. The world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe. Never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind-for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke!" (Goethe 2004) . This description describes

• A)a scientific revolution.
• B)an anomaly.
• C)a reformist movement.
• D)a paradigm.

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Definitions:

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process by which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Voluntary Responses

Actions or reactions that are consciously controlled and chosen by an individual, as opposed to automatic or reflexive responses.

Automatic Responses

Reactions that occur without conscious thought, typically as a result of learned behaviors or innate reflexes.