Joan Owns a Citrus Tree Farm near Mesa, Arizona

question 31

Multiple Choice

Joan owns a citrus tree farm near Mesa, Arizona. Joan and her family have fertilized the trees each spring for 52 years. The irrigation for the trees carries the fertilizer remnants into the Salt River. When EPA investigators discover the fertilizer in the Salt River and trace the unique brand to Joan, they indict her for violation of the Clean Water Act, for the discharge of a substance into a waterway. Joan responds, "I didn't know there was fertilizer. I was just letting water flow."

• A)Joan has sufficient mens rea for the crime.
• B)Joan can rely on the Ahmad case and escape criminal liability.
• C)Joan can be held criminally liable for negligence.
• D)None of the above

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Definitions:

New Amsterdam

The 17th-century Dutch settlement that later became New York City, reflecting the early colonial history of the United States.

Mercantilism

An economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, emphasizing national economic interests and the accumulation of wealth through a favorable balance of trade.

Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France under King Louis XIV, known for his policies aimed at increasing the wealth and power of France through mercantilism.

New France

The area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763.