In Many Agencies, a Formal Structure and an Informal Structure

question 5

Multiple Choice

In many agencies, a formal structure and an informal structure exist. The differences between these may be reflected in which of the following?
I.What the formal lines of communication are, versus whom actually communicates with whom
II.What a particular job description says, versus what the individual in the job actually does
III.What the board of directors deems appropriate allocation of funds, versus what is actually spent
IV.What the official policy is on a given issue, versus what actually happens if the issue arises ​

• A)II and III
• B)I, II, and IV
• C)I and III
• D)I, II, III, and IV

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Definitions:

Terrorist Attacks

Violent acts intended to create fear, carried out by individuals or groups for ideological, religious, or political objectives.

Post Hoc Fallacy

A logical error where one assumes that since event A happened before event B, A must have caused B.

Correlation Problem

Issues arising from attempts to interpret or infer causality from purely correlational data without establishing a clear causal relationship.

Causation

The relationship between cause and effect, where one event (the cause) directly results in another event (the effect).