Rather Than Try to Exclude or Otherwise Control Possible Outside

question 76

Multiple Choice

Rather than try to exclude or otherwise control possible outside influences,scientific realism studies how such influences are involved in

• A) external validity claims
• B) cause-and-effect relationships
• C) cohort and trend studies
• D) patterns and trends

---

Definitions:

Correlation

A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together, indicating the strength and direction of their relationship.

National Licensure Exam

A standardized examination used in various professions to certify competency and readiness for practice at a national level.

GPA

Grade Point Average, a numerical calculation representing the average value of the accumulated final grades earned in courses over time, often used in educational settings.

Stanine

A method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.