In Widom's Research on the Relationship Between Early Child Abuse

question 78

Multiple Choice

In Widom's research on the relationship between early child abuse and later delinquency or adult criminal behavior, which of the following were considered to be either validity or reliability problems?

• A) using public school records and birth records from local hospitals to select the sample
• B) by using law enforcement data to assess delinquent and criminal behavior, Widom only identified those who were caught for their behavior, not those who were criminally active but were not caught
• C) by using court data to identify those for the sample who were abused, Widom only knew about those cases where abuse came to the attention of the public officials, not all the cases that go unreported
• D) all of the above

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Definitions:

Frequency

The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time, often used in the context of waves, vibrations, or cyclic phenomena.

Pitch

A tone's specific frequency, allowing the differentiation of sounds in music and speech as being higher or lower.

Localize

To identify or restrict something to a specific area or part.

Frequency Sounds

The pitch of a sound determined by the rate at which sound waves vibrate, measured in hertz (Hz).