Considering What Is Now Known About the Effects of Smoking

question 136

Multiple Choice

Considering what is now known about the effects of smoking on the unborn, the best advice for the mother is to

• A) smoke tobacco or marijuana in moderation.
• B) smoke only tobacco, not marijuana.
• C) smoke marijuana occasionally, but not tobacco.
• D) discontinue smoking tobacco and marijuana.

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Definitions:

Negative Punishment

A behavior modification technique involving the removal of a desirable stimulus after a particular behavior is exhibited, with the intention of decreasing that behavior.

Positive Punishment

An operant conditioning principle where the introduction of an unfavorable outcome or stimulus following a behavior decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.

Behaviors

Actions or reactions of an individual in relation to the environment or situations.

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement varies randomly around a mean value, promoting high and steady rates of response.