Early in the Twentieth Century, Some Scientists Embraced the Notion

question 20

Multiple Choice

Early in the twentieth century, some scientists embraced the notion of orthogenesis, the idea that evolution ____.

• A) is progressive but not goal-oriented
• B) produces new species with the goal of improvement
• C) a natural progression set in motion by the Creator
• D) occurs in spurts, induced by mutations, rather than gradually
• E) happens due to the inheritance of acquired characteristics

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Definitions:

Defensive Self-Esteem

Self-esteem that is fragile and vulnerable, often leading individuals to react negatively to criticism or perceived threats.

Reciprocal Determinism

a concept in psychology that individuals and their behavior are shaped by the interaction between personal factors, their environment, and their behavior.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies unconsciously used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety and to manage emotional conflict and internal or external stressors.

Psychosexual Stages

A Freudian theory describing the stages of a child's development, each characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the child's psychosexual energy.