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All animals perceive light using different forms of a pigment called retinal .
Unbiased Estimator
A statistic that accurately estimates the true parameter of a population, meaning its expected value equals the parameter being estimated.
Consistent Estimator
An attribute of an estimator indicating that, as the sample size increases, it converges in probability to the true parameter it estimates.
σ
Denotes the standard deviation in statistics, a measure of the dispersion or variability of a set of values.
Null Hypotheses
A statement or hypothesis set for statistical testing, positing that there is no significant difference or effect.
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