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Life experiences resulting from encounters with formal social control mechanisms, such as police and other authority figures, limit opportunities for criminal behavior. Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory refers to such experiences as "turning points in crime."
Income
The money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.
Gender
Social and cultural distinctions associated with being male or female, as opposed to biological differences.
Main Effects
The individual impact of each independent variable on the dependent variable in an analysis.
Independent Variables
Factors or conditions in an experiment that are manipulated by the researcher to study their effects on the dependent variables.
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