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Technical superiority can be a source of entry barriers.
Standard Costs
Standard costs are the predetermined costs associated with manufacturing a product or delivering a service, used as benchmarks to measure performance.
Actual Costs
The real expenses incurred in the production or acquisition of goods and services.
Direct Labor Rate Variance
This measures the difference between the actual cost of direct labor and the expected (or standard) cost, calculated by comparing the actual rates paid to workers versus the planned rates.
Overhead
All ongoing business expenses not directly attributed to creating a product or service. This includes costs like rent, utilities, and salaries of employees not directly involved in production.
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