The Share of Americans Who Pay No Personal Income Tax

question 369

Multiple Choice

The share of Americans who pay no personal income tax

• A) has been relatively constant at approximately 33 percent throughout 1975-2009.
• B) was relatively constant near 33 percent between 1975 and 2000, but it has increased during the past decade, reaching nearly half of adult Americans in 2009.
• C) was relatively constant near 33 percent between 1975 and 2000, but it has fallen during the past decade, receding to only 18 percent in 2009.
• D) rose steadily from 18 percent in 1975 to nearly 50 percent of adult Americans in 2000, but it receded to less than 40 percent in 2009.

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Definitions:

Confounding Variables

External factors that can influence both the dependent and independent variables, potentially biasing the results of a study.

Independent And Dependent Variables

In experimental research, the independent variable is the factor that is manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable, which is the outcome being measured.

Ratio Level

A measurement scale that has a true zero point and equal intervals, allowing for the calculation of ratios.

Nominal Level

The simplest level of measurement, which involves categorizing or naming variables without implying any rank or order among them.