When We Standardize Paired Data We

question 62

Multiple Choice

When we standardize paired data we

• A) divide everything by the standard deviation of X .
• B) convert X to a T score.
• C) convert both X and Y to z scores.
• D) subtract the mean from each value of X and Y .

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Definitions:

High Instrumentality

The belief that performance will lead directly to desirable outcomes, an essential concept in expectancy theory of motivation.

High Valence

A condition or characteristic that is highly valued or desired by individuals, often motivating actions or behaviors toward achieving a specific outcome.

Positive Expectancies

The belief or anticipation that one's actions will lead to positive outcomes or successes.

Performance-contingent Basis

is a system where rewards or payments are based on the achievement of specific performance criteria.