Which Threat to Internal Validity Occurs in Any Study with Nonequivalent

question 49

Multiple Choice

Which threat to internal validity occurs in any study with nonequivalent groups and prevents researchers from making conclusive claims about causality?

• A) Order effects
• B) Instrumentation effects
• C) Regression toward the mean
• D) Individual differences

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Definitions:

Economic Growth

An augmentation in the volume of goods and services generated within an economy during a specific period, often quantified by GDP.

Disproportionate Burden

A situation where the costs, impacts, or benefits of a decision, policy, or action fall more heavily on a particular group or sector.

Poverty

A condition where individuals or communities lack the financial resources to meet a minimum standard of living, including basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter.

Poverty Rate

The percentage of a population living below the national poverty line, indicating the proportion of individuals or households with income levels insufficient for basic living standards.