Which Threat to Internal Validity Occurs in Any Study with Nonequivalent

question 49

Multiple Choice

Which threat to internal validity occurs in any study with nonequivalent groups and prevents researchers from making conclusive claims about causality?

• A) Order effects
• B) Instrumentation effects
• C) Regression toward the mean
• D) Individual differences

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Definitions:

Moral Hazard

A situation where one party engages in risky behavior knowing that it is protected against the consequences, often due to the existence of insurance or similar safety nets.

Adverse Selection

A situation in which one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other, often leading to an imbalance and potentially unfavorable outcomes.

Hidden Characteristics

Traits or features of a product or service that are not immediately observable to the buyer, potentially leading to information asymmetry.

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behaviors, encompassing a wide range of topics from cognitive processes to social interactions.