External Validity Refers to the Degree to Which

question 123

Multiple Choice

External validity refers to the degree to which

• A)there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.
• B)there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations.
• C)participants were assigned to the various conditions on the basis of representative criteria.
• D)the experimental situation engages participants and leads them to behave naturally and spontaneously.

---

Definitions:

Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

The portion of manufacturing costs that do not vary with the level of production, such as salaries of supervisors and rent for factory buildings.

Variable Costing

A costing method that includes only variable production costs in the cost of goods sold, excluding fixed manufacturing overhead.

Absorption Costing

A method of product costing that captures all costs associated with manufacturing a product, including overhead expenses.

Variable Production Costs

Variable production costs fluctuate with the level of production output and include expenses like raw materials and labor directly tied to the production process.