Darley and Gross (1983) Conducted a Study in Which They

question 121

Multiple Choice

Darley and Gross (1983) conducted a study in which they asked participants to evaluate the intellectual ability of a 9-year-old named "Hannah." Some participants were led to believe that she came from a high socioeconomic (SES) background; others were led to believe she came from a low SES background. Kelley (1950) conducted a study in which students' expectations regarding a guest lecturer's personality were manipulated. Some students were told that the lecturer was a warm person; others were told he was a cold person. Which of the following statements about these studies is accurate?

• A) In both studies, only for perceivers who actually met the target (i.e., Hannah or the lecturer) in person did expectation influence perceptions.
• B) In both studies, perceivers' expectations determined the way they behaved towards the target, which in turn influenced the target's behavior.
• C) In both studies, perceivers' expectations led them to fail to notice clear limitations of the target's actual performance.
• D) In both studies, perceivers' expectations affected their perceptions of the target's performance, even when that performance was identical across conditions.

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