The Formulas for Some Measures of Association Can Result in Coefficients

question 2

Multiple Choice

The formulas for some measures of association can result in coefficients with either positive or negative signs. Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

• A)Whenever the data are expressed as frequencies
• B)When the data are measured at the nominal level
• C)When the data are measured at the ordinal level
• D)Whenever the data have a modal category
• E)Whenever the data are expressed as percentages

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Definitions:

Higher Needs

Refers to the more advanced stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, including esteem and self-actualization needs, beyond basic physiological and safety needs.

Social Circumstances

The environmental, economic, social, and cultural factors that influence an individual's life and behavior.

Political Circumstances

The context of current political environment and events that influence societies and individuals.

Growth Needs

Psychological needs that drive personal development, self-improvement, and the realization of one's full potential.