Use the formula for 
to simplify the expression 
.
Definitions:
Year-to-Year Comparison
An analysis method comparing financial or operational performance of a company between two or more consecutive years to assess growth or decline.
Barriers to Entry
Obstacles that make it difficult for a new competitor to enter a market.
Mature Industry
An industry that has experienced long-term growth and is characterized by stability, a slow rate of growth, and fewer opportunities for new entrants.
Substitute Products
Goods or services that can replace or serve as alternatives to another product, affecting its demand and market.
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