Perform the Indicated Operations

question 13

Essay

Perform the indicated operations. Simplify as much as possible. If the expression is undefined, answer undefined .

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Definitions:

Leningrad

The former name of Saint Petersburg, a city in Russia, during the Soviet era from 1924 to 1991.

Teratogens

Environmental agents that can cause deviations from normal development and can lead to abnormalities or death.

Prenatal Development

The process of growth and development within the womb, from conception to the birth of a child.

Cleavage

The process of cell division in a developing embryo where a single fertilized cell divides into multiple, smaller cells.