The Science of Taste

question 33

Multiple Choice

The Science of Taste
Have you ever looked at your tongue in a mirror? If so, you have probably noticed that it is bumpy. The bumps on your tongue are called papillae. Each one of the papillae contains hundreds of taste buds. You also have taste buds on the roof of your mouth and on your epiglottis, which is located at the top of your throat. The taste buds send messages to your brain that tell you about its basic flavor-that is, whether you are eating something salty, sweet, bitter, sour, or umami. Umami is hard to describe, but it is most often called a "meaty" or "savory" flavor. Foods with an umami flavor include meat broth, cheese, and soy sauce.
Your mouth and tongue also have receptors that send information about things besides the basic flavors of food. Your mouth has temperature receptor cells that can tell whether a food is piping hot or ice cold. Other receptors give information about the texture of food or how spicy it is.
But just being able to tell whether what you are eating is sour, cold, crunchy, or spicy is not truly tasting the food. For example, orange soda and root beer are both sweet, cold, and bubbly, but they do not taste the same. In order to get the full flavor of your food, you also need to use your sense of smell. The upper part of your nose contains special cells called olfactory receptors. They send messages about what things smell like to your brain. As you chew your food, chemicals quickly travel to the olfactory receptors in your nose. When your brain gets information from both the olfactory receptors and the taste buds, you experience the full flavor of what you are eating.
Question: What is a potential reason for including "Have you ever looked at your tongue in a mirror?" as the first sentence of the passage?

• A)To spark interest and introduce the tongue's bumpy texture.
• B)To introduce the fact of having taste buds on the roof of the mouth.
• C)To provide an introduction regarding the olfactory receptors.
• D)To provide context to the idea of eating and chewing for paragraph 3.

Estimate the mean difference and proportion difference between two populations with specified precision.

Understand and apply the concept of standard error in the context of confidence intervals.

Understand how to construct confidence interval estimates for a single population mean and proportion.

Understand the methodology of constructing confidence intervals for the difference between two population means and proportions.

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Definitions:

Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that calculates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables.

Paired Observations

Data collected in pairs such that each observation in one group is related or matched to an observation in another group.

Spearman Rank Correlation

An unparametric method for determining rank correlation that evaluates the extent to which two variables' relationship can be characterized by a monotonic function.

Ordinal Variables

Variables that represent categories with a natural order but which do not have a fixed interval between values, allowing for ranking but not quantifiable difference measurement.