The Science of Taste

question 33

Multiple Choice

The Science of Taste
Have you ever looked at your tongue in a mirror? If so, you have probably noticed that it is bumpy. The bumps on your tongue are called papillae. Each one of the papillae contains hundreds of taste buds. You also have taste buds on the roof of your mouth and on your epiglottis, which is located at the top of your throat. The taste buds send messages to your brain that tell you about its basic flavor-that is, whether you are eating something salty, sweet, bitter, sour, or umami. Umami is hard to describe, but it is most often called a "meaty" or "savory" flavor. Foods with an umami flavor include meat broth, cheese, and soy sauce.
Your mouth and tongue also have receptors that send information about things besides the basic flavors of food. Your mouth has temperature receptor cells that can tell whether a food is piping hot or ice cold. Other receptors give information about the texture of food or how spicy it is.
But just being able to tell whether what you are eating is sour, cold, crunchy, or spicy is not truly tasting the food. For example, orange soda and root beer are both sweet, cold, and bubbly, but they do not taste the same. In order to get the full flavor of your food, you also need to use your sense of smell. The upper part of your nose contains special cells called olfactory receptors. They send messages about what things smell like to your brain. As you chew your food, chemicals quickly travel to the olfactory receptors in your nose. When your brain gets information from both the olfactory receptors and the taste buds, you experience the full flavor of what you are eating.
Question: What is a potential reason for including "Have you ever looked at your tongue in a mirror?" as the first sentence of the passage?

• A)To spark interest and introduce the tongue's bumpy texture.
• B)To introduce the fact of having taste buds on the roof of the mouth.
• C)To provide an introduction regarding the olfactory receptors.
• D)To provide context to the idea of eating and chewing for paragraph 3.

Identify the amendments and clauses that protect religious freedom and specify government limitations.

Understand the historical context and implications of Supreme Court rulings on religious freedom.

Grasp the original intent and scope of the Bill of Rights and its application to various levels of government.

Recognize the role of the Fourteenth Amendment in applying the Bill of Rights to state actions.

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Definitions:

Absolute Advantage

The capability of an individual, company, or country to produce a good or service at a lower cost per unit than competitors.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an entity to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another entity, leading to more efficient trade and production.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an entity to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others.

Opportunity Costs

The cost of forgoing the next best alternative when choosing among multiple options, measuring the trade-off involved in any decision.