A Systematic Review Examines the Effect of Drug X, a Commonly

question 370

Multiple Choice

A systematic review examines the effect of drug X, a commonly used medication, on all-cause mortality in patients with a chronic pulmonary problem.  A systematic search identified 12 retrospective cohort studies.  The pooled odds ratio of mortality with drug X use was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.79) .  The authors also reported the following funnel plot of the 12 studies, centered around the log of the pooled odds ratio: The graphical findings suggest the presence of which of the following?

• A)Lead-time bias
• B)Placebo effect
• C)Publication bias
• D)Small samples in drug X treatment arms

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Definitions:

Spiritual Beliefs

Personal or communal beliefs and practices related to the sense of connection with the transcendent, often experienced as a guiding force in life.

Peace and Acceptance

A state of mind characterized by tranquility and a positive reception of one's current circumstances.

Spiritual Care

The support and guidance provided to individuals in matters related to their beliefs, values, and connection to the divine or something greater than themselves, especially during challenging times.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to acts of kindness without expectation of reciprocation.