Measuring the Outcome of a Program Is Complicated by

question 16

Multiple Choice

Measuring the outcome of a program is complicated by

• A) The variable of interest, i.e., the intended outcome, may have been changing before the program was implemented
• B) Other factors may impact the target population during the life of the program
• C) Outcomes may be measured months or years after the program had ended
• D) All of the above

---

Definitions:

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it, known also as the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to favor, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Representativeness Heuristic

A cognitive shortcut that involves judging the probability of an event by its similarity to a prototype or an example that comes to mind, rather than on objective probability.

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.