A Patient with Decompensated Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

question 16

Multiple Choice

A patient with decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction has edema and shortness of breath. The patient has hyponatremia. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the hyponatremia?

• A) Coexisting high triglycerides
• B) Antidiuretic hormone imbalances
• C) Thirst mechanism is impaired, leading to reduction in sodium intake
• D) An excess of water is retained, causing a dilutional hyponatremia

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Definitions:

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Corporation By Estoppel

A legal doctrine that prevents a party from denying the corporate existence of a company when it has treated it as a corporation.

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A business treated as a legally incorporated company for all purposes except against the state in a direct proceeding, despite not completing the incorporation process properly.

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a corporation that is legally established and operating in accordance with the law.