Correlation Does Not Establish Causation

question 2

Multiple Choice

Correlation does not establish causation. Why is this statement true?

• A) Because it is not possible to show that one variable occurred before the other
• B) Because testing effects preclude this inference
• C) Because internal validity is lacking in observational research
• D) The statement is false because science cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships.

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Definitions:

Pleasurable Consequence

A positive outcome or reward that follows a behavior, making it likely that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Involuntary

Actions or reactions that occur without conscious control or choice.

Voluntary

Referring to actions or activities that are done willingly, without any coercion or obligation.

Skinner Box

An experimental apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for studying behavioral conditioning in animals, particularly through reinforcements and punishments.