A Researcher Is Concerned About Testing Effects as a Threat

question 8

Multiple Choice

A researcher is concerned about testing effects as a threat to internal validity. To avoid giving the test (i.e., the survey) more than once, which design should be used?

• A) Posttest-only design
• B) Matched-pairs groups design
• C) pretest-posttest randomized controlled design
• D) Within-subjects design

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Definitions:

Dependent Variables

Outcomes of practical value and interest that are influenced by independent variables.

Specific Variables

Distinct and measurable elements or factors that can influence the outcome of a study or research.

Contingency Variables

Factors or conditions that can change and affect the outcome of decision-making processes or situations.

Enduring Change

A lasting transformation within an individual, organization, or society that persists over time.