Refer to the Figure

question 12

Essay

Refer to the figure.
It is hypothesized that egg guarding evolved in treehoppers three times (labelled 1, 2, and 3). Imagine if the trait actually appeared in the ancestral population at the base of the tree, labelled Membracinae. What is the minimum number of trait changes that would be necessary to produce the presence of egg guarding depicted in the tree?

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Definitions:

Organizational Commitment

The level of loyalty an employee feels towards their organization, often reflected in their willingness to remain with the company.

High-Stress Job

A position that consistently exposes the employee to significant stressors, often due to high pressure, workload, or the critical nature of the job’s outcomes.

Behavior Modification

A psychological technique that involves changing an individual's behaviors through reinforcement, punishment, or other interventions.

Stress

A physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension that results from adverse or demanding circumstances.