Refer to the Figure

question 12

Essay

Refer to the figure.
It is hypothesized that egg guarding evolved in treehoppers three times (labelled 1, 2, and 3). Imagine if the trait actually appeared in the ancestral population at the base of the tree, labelled Membracinae. What is the minimum number of trait changes that would be necessary to produce the presence of egg guarding depicted in the tree?

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Definitions:

Family Therapy

The treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communication.

School Problems

Issues or difficulties faced by students in the educational setting that can impact their learning and overall well-being.

Family Pathology

Dysfunctional familial behaviors and patterns that adversely affect its members, often passed down through generations.

Group Therapy

A therapeutic approach where several patients meet regularly to discuss and explore their issues with each other, facilitated by a therapist.