Which Substance Is Considered a Second Messenger

question 22

Multiple Choice

Which substance is considered a second messenger?

• A) IP₃-gated calcium channel
• B) Calcium
• C) Epinephrine
• D) Adenylyl cyclase

Identify the relationship between effort, performance, and outcomes as described in expectancy theory.

Distinguish between different motivational theories, including McClelland's acquired needs theory, Alderfer's ERG theory, and goal-setting theory.

Apply expectancy theory to practical situations in motivating staff and improving work performance.

Recognize the significance of organizational justice and how it influences motivation and behavior in the workplace.

---

Definitions:

Objective Tests

Standardized assessments that measure an individual's knowledge or abilities in a specific area, using questions with fixed responses.

Drawbacks

Negative aspects or disadvantages associated with a situation, action, or decision.

Vulnerability-Stress Explanation

A model that explains how individual vulnerability interacts with external stressors to increase the likelihood of developing psychological disorders.

Depression

A mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.