Which Threat to Internal Validity Is Controlled in the One-Group

question 23

Multiple Choice

Which threat to internal validity is controlled in the one-group pretest-posttest design (O₁ X O₂) ?

• A) attrition
• B) testing
• C) history
• D) maturation

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Definitions:

Certainty Effect

The tendency for people to overvalue outcomes that are certain compared to those that are only probable.

Reactance

A motivational reaction to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms, prompting a desire to regain them.

Reactance Theory

A psychological theory suggesting that people have an aversive reaction to restrictions of their freedoms, leading to a motivation to regain them.

Forbidden Behaviors

Acts that are prohibited or discouraged within a society or group due to cultural, social, or legal norms and values.