If an Empirical Relationship Between an Independent Variable and a Dependent

question 31

Multiple Choice

If an empirical relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable is maintained when the effects of all antecedent variables are controlled or held constant, the relationship is

• A) spurious.
• B) nonspurious.
• C) positive.
• D) negative.

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Definitions:

Ingested Drug

A substance taken orally and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract for medicinal or recreational purposes.

Therapeutic Response

The body’s reaction to a given treatment, indicating the effectiveness of the therapy in healing or alleviating symptoms.

Vulnerability

The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.

Blame

Assigning responsibility for a fault or wrong, often focusing on negative outcomes without acknowledging contributing factors or circumstances.