Draw an Arrow Diagram Representing a Causal Ordering and Likely

question 17

Essay

Draw an arrow diagram representing a causal ordering and likely direction of relationship (positive or negative) among the following set of variables: respondent's newspaper readership (frequency), educational attainment, and age.

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Definitions:

Night Terrors

Intense episodes of panic and fear that occur during sleep, typically in children, causing them to wake up in a terrified state.

Bed-Wetting

The involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected.

REM Sleep

A phase of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, vivid dreaming, and temporary paralysis of major muscles.

Voluntary Muscles

Muscles that are under conscious control, allowing movements such as walking, grabbing, or speaking.