When and Where Is Planning-Programming-Budgeting (PPB) Thought to Have Originated

question 22

Short Answer

When and where is planning-programming-budgeting (PPB) thought to have originated?

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Definitions:

Peptidoglycan

A complex polymer found in the cell walls of bacteria that provides structural support and protection.

Gram-positive

Refers to bacteria that retain the crystal violet dye used in Gram staining, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls.

Gram-negative

Bacteria characterized by a thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, covered by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides; stains pink in Gram staining.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic microorganisms, also known as blue-green algae, that are key players in nitrogen fixation and oxygen production in various ecosystems.