By Which Mechanism Does Tiotropium Improve Respiratory Function in Patients

question 1

Multiple Choice

By which mechanism does tiotropium improve respiratory function in patients with emphysema?

• A) increasing levels of cyclic AMP in smooth muscle
• B) inhibiting vagally mediated bronchoconstriction
• C) improving diaphragmatic function and ventilation
• D) stimulation of brainstem respiratory centers
• E) improving mucociliary clearance

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Definitions:

Spermicide

A substance that kills spermatozoa, used as a contraceptive method.

Condom

A barrier device commonly used during sexual intercourse to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy.

Diaphragm

A large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs that plays a critical role in breathing.

Ostomy

A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) in the body for the discharge of body wastes.