What Is Scylla

question 4

Multiple Choice

What is Scylla?

• A) A cliff-dwelling monster with six long necks, each with its own head
• B) A set of facing cliffsides that open and slam shut throughout the day
• C) A vengeful ghost that patrols the sea near the island of Circê
• D) An enormous whirlpool that sucks down and spits up a torrent of water three times a day

Recognize the historical perceptions of substance use and how these perceptions have evolved over time.

Identify biological markers that are useful in understanding the development of substance use disorders.

Explain the concept of alcohol expectancy theory and its implications for alcohol use.

Compare the level of addiction potential of various substances, including nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and caffeine.

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Definitions:

Brainstem

Central structure of the brain (including the hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus) that is responsible for most life-sustaining, unconscious behavior.

Medial Pontine Reticular Formation

A complex network of neurons located in the pons of the brainstem, involved in the regulation of motor coordination and sleep-wake cycles.

Peribrachial Area

A region in the brainstem involved in the modulation of sensory information, particularly with respect to pain and visceral inputs.

Cataplexy

Cataplexy is a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions such as laughter, and often associated with narcolepsy.