Define the Following Terms

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The Answer is The Pennsylvania System, also known as the separate system, was a form of prison management and penal philosophy that emerged in the early 19th century in the United States. It was pioneered at the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which opened in 1829. The system was based on the concept of solitary confinement and individual penitence, hence the term "penitentiary."

Key characteristics of the Pennsylvania System include:

1. Solitary Confinement: Inmates were kept in complete isolation from each other to prevent the spread of criminal influence and to encourage personal reflection and reform. Each prisoner had a separate cell and was expected to live, eat, work, and worship alone.

2. Silence: Prisoners were not allowed to speak to each other or to guards, except in emergencies. This rule was enforced to maintain order and to keep prisoners from corrupting each other.

3. Labor: Inmates were provided with work, such as weaving or shoemaking, which they could perform in their cells. This was seen as a way to promote discipline, prevent idleness, and teach them a trade that could be useful upon release.

4. Moral and Religious Instruction: The system emphasized the importance of religious and moral instruction as a means of rehabilitation. Prisoners were encouraged to read the Bible and reflect on their transgressions.

5. Architectural Design: Prisons designed under the Pennsylvania System had a unique architectural style, with a central hub and radiating cell blocks. This design allowed for easy surveillance of inmates and the enforcement of solitary confinement.

The Pennsylvania System was influential in the development of the modern prison system, and its principles were adopted by many other institutions in the United States and abroad. However, over time, the system faced criticism for its harshness and the psychological damage caused by prolonged isolation. As a result, it was eventually replaced by the Auburn System, which also emphasized discipline and hard labor but allowed for congregate work during the day and solitary confinement only at night.

Define the Following Terms

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