Ion Channels Can Be Disrupted in Many Ways

question 7

Essay

Ion channels can be disrupted in many ways. Describe three types of toxins that can interfere with normal ion channel function. Explain their origins and how they work.

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Definitions:

Conflict Levels

The different stages or intensities of disagreement or discord among individuals or groups, ranging from mild disagreements to violent disputes.

Discontinuity Effect

The phenomenon where groups exhibit less cooperation and more often competitive or hostile behaviors than individuals.

Hostile

Showing or feeling opposition or dislike; unfriendly.

Positive Intergroup Contact

Interactions between members of different groups that are characterized by cooperation, equality, and respect, leading to reduced intergroup prejudice and conflict.