The Ratio of Carbon-13 to Carbon-12 in a Sample of Material

question 64

Multiple Choice

The ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in a sample of material from a CAM plant is 124:10,000. The same ratio for the reference standard is 125:10,000. Delta (δ) is thus _______ per thousand.

• A) ‒124
• B) ‒8
• C) ‒1
• D) 1

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Definitions:

Variable-Ratio

A reinforcement schedule in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, making it highly resistant to extinction.

Fixed-Ratio

A schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses have occurred.

Fixed-Interval

A schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

Social Learning Approach

A theory emphasizing that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others, in addition to the effects of reinforcement and punishment.