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According to Akers, the concept of social reinforcement refers only to rewards and punishments of social sanctions applied directly to one's behavior by others.
Psychopathology
Both the scientific study of psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people who suffer from such disorders.
Resilience
The capacity of people to “bounce back” and cope with stress and catastrophe.
Protective Factors
Factors that enhance an individual's ability to resist stress, trauma, or other psychological risks, contributing to resilience.
Positive Adaptation
The ability of an individual to adjust positively to changes, stressors, or adversity, improving resilience and overall well-being.
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