In the Traditional Concept of Causality, Which of the Following

question 35

Multiple Choice

In the traditional concept of causality, which of the following criteria must be met to establish that X is a cause of Y?

• A) X must be a necessary condition, in the absence of which Y will not occur
• B) X must be a sufficient condition, so that Y always occurs in the presence of X
• C) changes in X must be correlated with changes in Y
• D) changes in X must precede changes in Y
• E) a and b

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Definitions:

Clean Water Act

A United States federal law aimed at regulating the discharge of pollutants into the waters of the United States and quality standards for surface waters.

Civil Penalties

Civil penalties are financial charges levied by a governmental agency as punishment for violations of legal regulations or statutes.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Permit

A permit required under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for certain operations that generate, treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste.

Precautionary Principle

A strategy to cope with possible risks where scientific understanding is yet incomplete, prioritizing the prevention of harm when making decisions.